III. Reformation and Puritan History (1500-1750AD)

A Survey of Reformation History: The study of Reformation and Puritan history is our 3rd-year course of history out of 4, and typically includes the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and the 17th-century Puritan movement through to the Great Awakening. For College and Seminary level work (and for advanced students) we often break this up into 2 courses. The study and learning of this period of history (from 1500-1750AD) is of the greatest importance to Christians of all ages, but especially to pastors and Christian leaders. It marks the transition from the Medieval Catholic world to the modern age of nation-states and the great work of Reformation wrought by the hand of God through the lives and ministries of the great Reformers and the English Puritans; and includes the study of the early colonial period and the founding of America until the Great Awakening of the 1740’s. This period of history includes some of the most monumental events of world history, the most significant preachers and theologians of the church, and the most important works, commentaries, and documents relating to the interpretation of Scripture, the formation of sound Biblical doctrine, and the establishment of true worship in the church. Students will learn about the great Reformers (Luther, Zwingli, Bullinger, Calvin, Tyndale, Knox, Ursinus, and others) and will also read many of their original works and writings. They will learn of the downfall of European monarchies and the rise of Constitutionalism and of Parliamentary government. They will learn of the English Puritan movement, the Westminster divines, as well as the heroic leadership of Oliver Cromwell and the establishment of a Biblical view of religious and civil liberty. They will study the Reformed Confessions as well as the rise of Reformed Orthodoxy and the great theologians of the 17th century. They will also study the manifold evils and tragedies of the wars of religion, and how Protestant Christians were cruelly persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church and forced to defend themselves with just wars. They will learn of the great colonial Puritans who migrated from England and the rise of colonial America until the Great Awakening. In studying Reformation history they will especially learn about the importance of Biblical reformation in the church, sound doctrine, following Christ, a life of true worship, living a godly Christian life, and advancing God’s glory in the world. The design of this study of Reformation history is to ground believers not only the fundamental events of Reformation history but also of the principles of Reformed theology and a godly Christain life and family. It is a great tragedy that most Christians today have only a superficial knowledge of this greatest period of history. This is not only tragic but downright evil. It shows that most Christian education today is corrupted by an ungodly and secular world view that accommodates to Enlightenment paganism and the influences of idolatry and false religion. To be sure, there can be no true revival or reformation in the church today without a godly and sanctified knowledge of the history of the Reformation, the theology and preaching of the Reformers and Puritans, and a discerning awareness of their heroic courage and stand against the Papacy, the false doctrine of Roman Catholicism, as well as the Anabaptists and Antinomians who corrupted the Gospel and undermined the Biblical teaching of Christ’s Lordship over all things. The study of Reformation history (the 16th and 17 centuries) is essential for a godly understanding of the Bible, sound doctrine, and God’s saving purposes in history; as it is also richly edifying for believers and essential for Christian leadership. The suggested schedule of coursework listed here is readily adaptable to Christian schools and to Home-schools, and should moreover be foundational to the training and education of church officers.

Church History World History

Week 1: Sept Forerunners of the Reformation The Italian and Northern Renaissance (1400-1500)
Week 2: Sept Forerunners of the Reformation The Italian and Northern Renaissance (1450-1500)
Week 3: Sept The Need for Reformation The Age of Discovery 1: Columbus and Discovery
Week 4: Sept The Need for Reformation The Age of Discovery 2: Cortez and Conquest
Week 5: Oct Martin Luther 1 The German Reformation 1
Week 6: Oct Martin Luther 2 The German Reformation 2
Week 7: Oct Philip Melanchthon/ The Augsburg Confession The German Reformation 3
Week 8: Oct Huldreich Zwingli The Swiss Reformation 1
Week 9: Oct Henry Bullinger and Martin Bucer The Swiss Reformation 2
Week 10: Nov John Calvin 1 The Consolidation of Reform 1
Week 11: Nov John Calvin 2 The Consolidation of Reform 2
Week 12: Nov Beza and the French Reformation From Francis I to Henry IV (1530-1598)
Week 13: Nov The English Reformation 1 King Henry VIII (1500-1547)
Week 14: Dec The English Reformation 2 From Edward to Bloody Mary (1547-1558
Week 14: Dec John Knox and the Scottish Reformation Scotland in the Time of Reform (1500-1570)
Week 15: Dec The Dutch Reformation The Dutch Revolt (1500-1590)
2 WEEK BREAK: DECEMBER 21- JANUARY 3
Week 15: Jan The German Reformed Movement – Ursinus The Spread of the Reformation thru Europe
Week 17: Jan Reformation Creeds and Confessions The Wars Of Religion
Week 18: Jan The Rise of Lutheran Orthodoxy The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
Week 19: Feb The Rise of German Pietism The Hapsburg Decline (1648-1720)
Week 20: Feb The Elizabethan Puritan Movement The Elizabethan World & Culture
Week 21: Feb The English/New England Puritans King James and King Charles
Week 22: Feb The Westminster Puritans The English Civil War
Week 23: Mar The Westminster Standards Oliver Cromwell and the English Protectorate
Week 24: Mar Puritans in the Restoration (1660-1700) The English Restoration and Charles II
Week 25: Mar The French Huguenots (1600-1648) The Monarchy in France (1598-1648)
Week 26: Mar The Scottish Covenanters Scotland in the Late 17^th century
Week 27: Apr Reformed Scholasticism on the Continent The Culture of Early Modern Europe
Week 28: Apr The Church in the Age of Reason: Apologetics The Intellectual Revolution (1660-1740)
2 WEEK SPRING BREAK: APRIL 12-25
Week 29: May The Later Colonial Puritans (1680-1720) The Great American Puritan Establishment
Week 30: May England before the Great Awakening The Early Enlightenment Period
Week 31: May The Great Awakening The Great Awakening
Week 32: May The Life and Theology of Jonathan Edwards The Great Awakening

SUMMER CLASS: The Life and Writings of Jonathan Edwards in Opposition to Enlightenment Paganism

Brett Woody, Pastor-Teacher

ADVANCED STUDY OF 16th CENTURY REFORMATION HISTORY

For College and Seminary level classes we spend two years studying the previously listed course work on Reformation history. And so we divide the 16th-century Protestant Reformation from the 17th-century Puritan movement. This provides advanced students in College and for Seminary students much more time to study this very important period of history as well as to read the original writings of the Reformers and Puritans. At this advanced level, we take a great deal of time in clarifying the Reformed and Puritan views of Scripture, the interpretation of every book of the Bible, Reformed dogmatics including every point of Christian doctrine, their polemic against the Papacy as antichrist, their writings against the Anabaptists, the Libertines, and the Antinomians, as well as the vital place and role of the Reformed Confessions, including a thorough study of the Westminster Standards and the theology of the English Puritans.

A Suggested Schedule for Studying 16th Century Reformation History:

Week 1: Sept The German Reformation: Martin Luther 1 – Life and Conflicts 1
Week 2: Sept The German Reformation: Martin Luther 2 – Theology and Writings 1
Week 3: Sept The German Reformation: Martin Luther 3 – Theology and Writings 2
Week 4: Sept The German Reformation: Philip Melanchthon and the Augsburg Confession
Week 5: Oct The German Reformation: The Book of Concord and Lutheran Orthodoxy
Week 6: Oct The Swiss Reformation: Zwingli 1 Life and Conflicts/ John Oecolampadius
Week 7: Oct The Swiss Reformation: Zwingli 2 Theology and Writings 1
Week 8: Oct The Swiss Reformation: Zwingli 3 Theology and Writings 2
Week 9: Oct The Swiss Reformation: Martin Bucer
Week 10: Nov The Swiss Reformation: Henry Bullinger 1 – Life/ Second Helvetic Confession
Week 11: Nov The Swiss Reformation: Henry Bullinger 2 – Theology (The Decades)
Week 12: Nov The Swiss Reformation: Henry Bullinger 3 – Theology (The Decades)
Week 13: Nov The Swiss Reformation: John Calvin 1 – Life and Conflicts
Week 14: Dec The Swiss Reformation: John Calvin 2 – Theology (The Institutes)
Week 15: Dec The Swiss Reformation: John Calvin 3 – Theology (The Institutes)
Week 16: Dec The Swiss Reformation: John Calvin 4 – Legacy and Influence
2 WEEK BREAK: DEC.24 – JAN.6 The Swiss Reformation: John Calvin 5 – Sermons and Commentaries
Week 17: Jan The French Reformation 1: Prelude – Calvin and the French Confession
Week 18: Jan The French Reformation 2: Theodore Beza (1520-1550)
Week 19: Jan The French Reformation 3: The Huguenots (1550-1600)
Week 20: Jan The French Reformation 4: The Huguenots (1550-1600)
Week 21: Feb The English Reformation 1: William Tyndale the First English Puritan
Week 22: Feb The English Reformation 2: Henry VIII, Thomas Cranmer, the Anglican Establishment
Week 23: Feb The English Reformation 3: Edward VI/Bloody Mary and the English Martyrs
Week 24: Feb The English Reformation 4: The Elizabethan Era – John Jewel and the Anglicans
Week 25: Mar The English Reformation 5: The Elizabethan Era – The Puritans…continued in summer
Week 26: Mar The English Reformation 6: The Elizabethan Era – The Puritans…continued in summer
Week 27: Mar The Scottish Reformation 1: John Knox and the Scottish Reformation
2 WEEK BREAK: MAR 25- APR 7 The Scottish Reformation 2: The Theology of John Knox
Week 28: Apr The Dutch Reformation 1: Guido de Bres, the Belgic Confession, and Peter Datheen
Week 29: Apr The Dutch Reformation 2: The Dutch Revolt (William of Orange) and Jean Taffin, Junius
Week 30: Apr The German Reformed Movement 1 – Zacharias Ursinus and the Heidelberg Catechism
Week 31: Apr The German Reformed Movement 2 – Zacharias Ursinus and the Heidelberg Catechism
Week 32: May The Reformation Polemic against the Anabaptist Heresy
Week 33: May The Reformation Polemic against Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation
Week 34: May The Theology of the Reformed Confessions
Week 35: May The Theology of the Reformed Confessions

SUMMER STUDY: June- Aug The Rise of English Puritanism (The Elizabethan Puritans – see handout)

A Suggested Booklist for Studying 16th Century Reformation History:

History Books for Children and Youth
World History for Christian Schools – Bob Jones
Wikipedia Articles on Historical Subjects
Original Source Documents from the Reformers (Catechisms and Sermons)
Christianity through the Centuries – Cairns
The Greatest Century of Reformation – Peter Hammond
Heralds of the Reformation – Richard Hannula
Portraits of Faithful Saints – Herman Hanko
A Concise History of Christian Thought – Tony Lane
The Reformation for Armchair Theologians – Gregg Sunshine
Original Works for Children and Youth to Read
Martin Luther – Three Treatises
Martin Luther – Two Catechisms
Martin Luther – How to Pray
Zwingli – Excerpts of True and False Religion
Henry Bullinger – Excerpts of the Decades
John Calvin – Truth for All Time
John Calvin – The Golden Booklet of the True Christian Life
John Calvin – The Institutes of the Christian Religion Abridged
Calvin’s Catechism
John Jewel – On Scripture
The Heidelberg Catechism
The Reformed Confessions
William Perkins – The Foundations of the Christian Religion
Richard Greenham – On Reading Scripture
John Foxe – Book of Martyrs (with prefatory addresses)
Many Short Sermons/Essays and Small Original Source Material
History Books for Students
World History for Christian Schools – Bob Jones
European Civilization – Ferguson and Braun
Wikipedia Articles on Historical Subjects
History of the Church: The Reformation – Philip Schaff
The Reformation: A Handbook – T.M. Lindsay
The Protestant Reformation – Lewis Spitz
Pillars of Grace – Steven Lawson
Church History Vol.2, Charles Woodbridge
The Reformation for Armchair Theologians – Gregg Sunshine
Why the Reformation Still Matters – Reeves and Chester
The Theology of the Reformers – Timothy George
A History of Christian Doctrines – Louis Berkhof
Here I Stand: The Life of Martin Luther – Roland Bainton
For God and His People: The Life of Huldreich Zwingli – d’Aubigne
John Calvin – T.H.L. Parker
John Calvin – F. Wendel
John Calvin: His Influence on the Western World – W. Stanford Reid
Theodore Beza – Shawn Wright
The French Huguenots – Gray
Five English Reformers – J.C. Ryle
The Theology of William Tyndale
The English Reformers – Library of Christian Classics
The Story of the Scottish Reformation – A.M. Renwick
Select Writings of John Knox
The Belgic Confession – Gootjes
The German Reformed Movement
Introduction to the Heidelberg – Bierma
The Heidelberg Story – Masselink
The Heidelberg Catechism
Pilgrimage to Puritanism – Danner
Elizabeth I and the Puritans – William Haller
Elizabethan Puritanism – Trinterud
English Puritanism – John Brown
English Puritanism from John Hooper to John Milton
A Short History of Puritanism – James Heron
A Short History of Puritanism – Brett Woody
Original Works of the Reformed Confessions
The Creeds of Christendom – Philip Schaff
The Reformed Confessions (available on the internet)
Original Works for Students to Read
The Lutheran Reformation
Martin Luther – Three Treatises
Martin Luther – Commentary on Galatians
Martin Luther – On the Bondage of the Will
Philip Melanchthon – On Christian Doctrine
The Augsburg Confession
The Formula of Concord
The Swiss Reformation
Huldreich Zwingli – On True and False Religion
Huldreich Zwingli – 67 Articles
Huldreich Zwingli – On the Clarity of the Word of God
Huldreich Zwingli – Exposition of the Christian Faith
Huldreich Zwingli – On Providence
Martin Bucer – The Kingdom of Christ
Martin Bucer – The True Care of Souls
Martin Bucer – On Christian Love
Henry Bullinger – On Confessing Christ
Henry Bullinger – The Decades
Henry Bullinger – First Helvetic Confession
Henry Bullinger – The Second Helvetic Confession
John Calvin – The Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin – On the Necessity of Reforming the Church
John Calvin – Theological Treatises
John Calvin – Sermons on the Pastoral Epistles
John Calvin – Sermons on Deuteronomy
John Calvin – Commentaries (Excerpts)
John Calvin – Treatise against the Anabaptists and Libertines
John Calvin – On Predestination
The Geneva Confession
Pierre Viret – Works
Theodore Beza – On the Christian Faith
Theodore Beza – Reformation Letter
Theodore Beza – Sermons on the Song of Solomon
Theodore Beza – On the Rights of Magistrates
The French Confession
The English Reformation
William Tyndale – Pathway into Holy Scripture
William Tyndale – Obedience of the Christian Man
William Tyndale – The Law of God
William Tyndale – Prefaces to the Bible
Thomas Cranmer – Preface to the Great Bible
Thomas Cranmer – The Book of Homilies
Thomas Cranmer – The Book of Common Prayer
Peter Martyr Veermigli – A Reader
Hugh Latimer – Sermons
John Bradford – Sermons
Nicholas Ridley – Sermons
John Hooper – The Declaration of Christ’s Office
John Hooper – The Ten Commandments
John Jewel – An Apology of the Church of England
John Jewel – Essay on Holy Scripture
The Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England
John Calvin – Preface to the Geneva Bible
The Scottish Reformation
John Knox – The Reformation in Scotland
John Knox – Treatise against the Anabaptists
John Knox – Reformation Letters
John Knox – First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
The Scottish Confession
The Scottish Book of Discipline
Christopher Goodman – On Superior Powers
John Craig – Catechisms
Robert Rollock – The Passion
Robert Rollock – Sermons
The Dutch and German Reformed Movement
Guido de Bres – The Belgic Confession
Jean Taffin – The Marks of God’s Children
The Heidelberg Catechism
Zacharias Ursinus – Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism
Zacharias Olevianus – On the Apostle’s Creed
Peter Datheen – The Reformed Liturgy
Peter Datheen – The Pearl
Franciscus Junius – First Principles of Theology
Franciscus Junius – The Mosaic Polity
Jerome Zanchius – On Christian Doctrine
Jerome Zanchius – On Predestination
Jerome Zanchius – On the Law of God
The Elizabethan Puritan Movement
William Tyndale – Obedience of the Christian Man
John Hooper – Declaration of Christ’s Office
John Hopper – Exposition of the Law of God
John Foxe – Book of Martyrs (Acts and Monuments with Prefatory Addresses)
The Geneva Bible – with Marginal Notes
John a Lasco – On Vestments
Thomas Wilcox – Admonition to Parliament
William Fulke – A Brief and Plain Declaration
Thomas Cartwright – Second Admonition to Parliament
Thomas Cartwright – Commentary on Colossians
Anthony Gilby – Treatise on Election
Anthony Gilby – Commentary on Malachi
Christopher Goodman – On Superior Powers
Laurence Chaderton – A Fruitful Sermon
Arthur Dent – Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven
John Dod – Treatise on the Lord’s Prayer
John Dod – Treatise on the Decalogue
Richard Greenham – On Reading Scripture
Richard Greenham – Treatise on the Sabbath
Richard Rogers – Holy Helps for a Godly Life
Richard Rogers – Commentary on Judges
Edmund Spencer – The Fairie Queen
Henry Smith – Sermons
William Perkins – The Golden Chain
William Perkins – The Whole Duty of Man
William Perkins – A Reformed Catholic
William Perkins – The Art of Prophesying
William Perkins – Commentary on Galatians
William Perkins – Commentary on the Sermon on the Mount

Brett Woody, Pastor-Teacher

ADVANCED STUDY OF THE 17th CENTURY PURITAN MOVEMENT

A Suggested Schedule for Studying the 17th Century Puritan Movement

Week 1: Sept The Early 17th Century: An Overview (1600-1660)
Week 2: Sept England and Puritanism: King James Era 1 – The Anglicans (1600-1625)
Week 3: Sept England and Puritanism: King James Era 2 – The Puritans (1600-1625)
Week 4: Sept England and Puritanism: King Charles Era 1 – Growing Conflict (1625-1640)
Week 5: Sept England and Puritanism: The English Colonies: The Pilgrims
Week 6: Oct England and Puritanism: The English Colonies: The Puritans 1
Week 7: Oct England and Puritanism: The English Colonies: The Puritans 2
Week 8: Oct England and Puritanism: The English Civil War (1642-1651)
Week 9: Oct England and Puritanism: The Westminster Assembly and Divines (1643-1653)
Week 10: Nov England and Puritanism: The Westminster Assembly and Divines (1643-1653)
Week 11: Nov England and Puritanism: The Revolution and Oliver Cromwell (1650-1658)
Week 12: Nov England and Puritanism: The Scottish Covenanters (1580-1650)
Week 13: Nov The Dutch Republic 1: Politics and Reformed Orthodoxy
Week 14: Dec The Dutch Republic 2: The Synod of Dordt and Reformed Orthodoxy
Week 15: Dec Lutheran Orthodoxy in Germany and the Thirty Years War
Week 16: Dec France and the Calvinists under Richelieu (The Huguenots and Jansenism)
2 WEEK BREAK: DEC23 – JAN5 English Puritans: The Westminster Divines and After
Week 17: Jan The Later 17^th Century: An Overview (1660-1730)
Week 18: Jan The Restoration Era 1: Charles II and the Puritan Conflict (1660-1688)
Week 19: Jan The Restoration Era 2: The Scottish Covenanters (1660-1688)
Week 20: Jan The Restoration Era 3: The Puritan Greats (1660-1688)
Week 21: Feb The Restoration Era 4: The Puritan Greats (1660-1688)
Week 22: Feb Reformed Orthodoxy on the Continent 1: Turretin
Week 23: Feb Reformed Orthodoxy on the Continent 2: Witsius
Week 24: Feb Reformed Orthodoxy on the Continent 3: Brakel
Week 25: Mar Germany and Lutheran Orthodoxy (1650-1720)
Week 26: Mar Germany and the Rise of Pietism (1660-1720)
Week 27: Mar French Huguenots and the Reign of King Louis XIV (1660-1715)
2 WEEK BREAK: MAR24-APR 6 The Puritan Greats Continued (Matthew Henry, 1662-1714)
Week 28: Apr The Glorious Revolution 1: England (1688-1730) Matthew Henry
Week 29: Apr The Glorious Revolution 2: England (1688-1730) Isaac Watts
Week 30: Apr The Glorious Revolution 3: The Colonies (1688-1730) Edward Taylor
Week 31: Apr The Great Awakening 1: An Historical Overview (1730-1755)
Week 32: May The Great Awakening 2: George Whitefield (1730-1755)
Week 33: May The Great Awakening 3: The Wesley’s (1730-1755)
Week 34: May The Great Awakening 4: The Life and Theology of Jonathan Edwards 1
Week 35: May The Great Awakening 5: The Life and Theology of Jonathan Edwards 2

SUMMER STUDY: June- Aug The Life and Theology of Jonathan Edwards in contrast to Enlightenment Paganism

A Suggested Booklist for Studying the 17th Century Puritan Movement

History Books for Children and Youth
World History for Christian Schools – Bob Jones
Wikipedia Articles on the English Puritans and more
Original Source Documents from the Puritans (Catechisms and Sermons)
Christianity through the Centuries – Cairns
For Christ’s Crown and Covenant: Puritans and Covenanters – Richard Hannula
Portraits of Faithful Saints – Herman Hanko
A Concise History of Christian Thought – Tony Lane
The English Puritans – John Brown
A Short History of the English Puritans – Brett Woody
Elizabeth I and the Puritans – Willam Haller
Many Short Essays and Small Original Source Material
Why Read the Puritans – Joel Beeke
Why Read the Puritans – Don Kistler
John Bunyan
History Books for Students
World History for Christian Schools – Bob Jones
European Civilization – Ferguson and Braun
Wikipedia Articles on Historical Subjects
Church History Vol.2, Charles Woodbridge
Pillars of Grace – Steven Lawson
English Puritans – John Brown
A Short History of the Puritans
Elizabethan Puritanism
Meet the Puritans – Joel Beeke
A Puritan Theology – Joel Beeke
Tudor Puritanism – Knappen
The Rise of Puritanism – William Haller
Quest for Godliness – J.I. Packer
Introduction to Puritan Theology – Hindson
History of the Puritans – 5 Wikipedia articles
The Protector – D’Aubigne
Puritanism in America – Emerson
Numerous Biographies of the Puritans
Crisis in the Reformed Churches – de Jong
The Dutch Second Reformation – Pronk
The Dutch Second Reformation – Joel Beeke
The Canons of Dordt
Original Works of the 17th Century Puritans
Hundreds which are also used in Theology classes, including
William Ames – The Marrow of Theology
John Preston – The Love of God
John Preston – The Breastplate of Faith and Love
Robert Bolton – Walking with God
Richard Sibbes – The Bruised Reed
Richard Bernard – The Isle of Man
William Gouge – Domestical Duties
Walter Marshall – The Gospel Mystery of Sanctification
John Cotton – Christ the Fountain of Life
Thomas Hooker – The Poor Doubting Sinner Drawn to Christ
Thomas Shepherd – The Sincere Convert and the Sound Believer
William Secker – The Sincere Christian
Isaac Ambrose – Looking Unto Jesus
John Bunyan – Pilgrim’s Progress
John Bunyan – Holy War
John Owen – The Glory of Christ
John Owen – The Mortification of Sin
John Owen – Apostasy from the Gospel
John Owen – Communion with God
John Owen – Rules for Walking in Fellowship
Matthew Henry – The Secret of Communion with God
Matthew Henry – Commentary on the Bible in 6 Volumes
Robert Asty – Rejoicing in Christ Jesus
Thomas Watson – The Godly Man’s Picture
Thomas Watson – A Body of Divinity in 3 Volumes
Thomas Watson – On the Beatitudes
Thomas Watson – All Things for Good
John Flavel – The Mystery of Providence
John Flavel – The Fountain of Life
John Flavel – The Method of Grace
Samuel Bolton – The True Bounds of Christian Freedom
Thomas Vincent – The Shorter Catechism Explained
William Greenhill – Stop Loving the World
Henry Scudder – The Christian’s Daily Walk
ongoing
Jean Taffin – Marks of God’s Children
Francis Gomarus – On Predestination
Willem Teelink – The Path of True Godliness
Godefridus Udemans – Faith, Hope, and Love
Gisbertus Voetius – Practical Theology
Jodocus van Lodenstein – A Spiritual Appeal
Peter van Mastricht – Theoretical and Practical Theology
Peter van Mastricht – The Best Way of Preaching
Herman Witsius – Economy of the Covenants
Herman Witsius – On the Character of a True Theologian
Herman Witsius – The Lord’s Prayer
Wilhelm a Brakel – The Christian’s Reasonable Service

Brett Woody, Pastor-Teacher